Methods and arrangements for low power wireless networks

ABSTRACT

Embodiments may comprise an orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) system operating in the 1 GHz and lower frequency bands. In many embodiments, physical layer logic may implement a new preamble structure with a new signal field. Embodiments may store the preamble structure and/or a preamble based upon the new preamble structure on a machine-accessible medium. Some embodiments may generate and transmit a communication with the new preamble structure. Further embodiments may receive and detect communications with the new preamble structure.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of, claims the benefit of, andpriority to U.S. pat. application serial number 15/595,865 filed May 15,2017, which is a continuation of, claims the benefit of, and priority toU.S. pat. application serial number 14/624,366 filed Feb. 15, 2015,which is a continuation of U.S. pat. application serial number13/977,698 filed Feb. 26, 2014, which is a U.S. national phaseapplication of PCT/US2011/068253 filed Dec. 30, 2011, which claimspriority to U.S. provisional pat. application serial number 61/479,024,filed Apr. 26, 2011. All of the above are incorporated herein byreference in their entirety.

BACKGROUND

Embodiments are in the field of wireless communications. Moreparticularly, embodiments are in the field of communications protocolsbetween wireless transmitters and receivers.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 depicts an embodiment of an example wireless network comprising aplurality of communications devices, including multiple fixed or mobilecommunications devices;

FIG. 1A depicts an embodiment of a preamble for establishingcommunications between wireless communication devices;

FIG. 1B depicts an alternative embodiment of a preamble structure forestablishing communications between wireless communication devices;

FIG. 1C depicts an embodiment of a signal field;

FIG. 1D depicts an embodiment of a protocol with a protection mechanismfor establishing communications between wireless communication devices;

FIG. 2 depicts an embodiment of an apparatus to generate and transmit anOrthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM)-based communication ina wireless network;

FIG. 3 depicts an embodiment of a flowchart for generating a preamblestructure such as the preamble structures illustrated in FIGS. 1A and1B; and

FIGS. 4A-B depict embodiments of flowcharts to transmit and receivecommunications with a transmitter and a receiver as illustrated in FIG.2 .

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS

The following is a detailed description of novel embodiments depicted inthe accompanying drawings. However, the amount of detail offered is notintended to limit anticipated variations of the described embodiments;on the contrary, the claims and detailed description are to cover allmodifications, equivalents, and alternatives falling within the spiritand scope of the present teachings as defined by the appended claims.The detailed descriptions below are designed to make such embodimentsunderstandable to a person having ordinary skill in the art.

Embodiments may comprise an orthogonal frequency division multiplexing(OFDM) system operating in the 1 GHz and lower frequency bands. In manyembodiments, physical layer logic may implement a new preamble structurewith a new signal field. Some embodiments may provide, e.g., indoorand/or outdoor “smart” grid and sensor services. For example, someembodiments may provide sensors to meter the usage of electricity,water, gas, and/or other utilities for a home or homes within aparticular area and wirelessly transmit the usage of these services to ameter substation. Further embodiments may utilize sensors for homehealthcare, clinics, or hospitals for monitoring healthcare relatedevents and vital signs for patients such as fall detection, pill bottlemonitoring, weight monitoring, sleep apnea, blood sugar levels, heartrhythms, and the like. Embodiments designed for such services generallyrequire much lower data rates and much lower (ultra low) powerconsumption than devices provided in IEEE 802.11n/ac systems.

Some embodiments reuse the IEEE 802.11n/ac system with new features thatmeet these lower data rate and ultra low power consumption requirementsto reuse hardware implementations and to reduce implementation costs. Insome embodiments, the new preamble structure may use a short trainingfield (STF) and a long training field (LTF) from the IEEE 802.11ac andIEEE 802.11ag systems, reducing the cost of implementations. Furtherembodiments accommodate multiple streams. Several embodiments do notimplement legacy training fields and legacy signatures and do notimplement multi-user, Multiple Input, Multiple Output (MIMO). And someembodiments employ beamforming.

In the frequency bands of 1 GHz and lower, the available bandwidth isrestricted, thus an IEEE 802.11n/ac type system that uses bandwidths of20, 40, 80 and 160 MHz may not be practicable in some geographicregions. In many embodiments, the systems have bandwidths on the orderof approximately 1 to 10 MHz. In several embodiments, an 802.11n/ac typesystem may be down-clocked to achieve lower bandwidths. For instance,many embodiments are down-clocked by N, such as 20 MHz divided by N,where N could take on values of 2, 4, 8, 10, and 20 (providing 10, 5,2.5, 2, and 1 MHz bandwidth operation). Further embodiments aredown-clocked by N, such as 160 MHz divided by N, where N could take onvalues of 10, 20, 40, 80, and 160 (providing 16, 8, 4, 2, and 1 MHzbandwidth operation). In several embodiments, the bandwidths may also bebased on the tone count for those IEEE 802.11ac systems. In someembodiments, the tone counts may be the same as those IEEE 802.11acsystems. In other embodiments, the tone counts may be different fromthose IEEE 802.11ac systems, removing, for example, tone counts that arenot unnecessary at the lower bandwidths.

Embodiments of the preamble structure may implement the new signalfield, 11ah-SIG. The preamble structure may define an STF and an LTF totrain the antennas for one stream operation, followed by the signalfield and the data payload. In some embodiments, the signal field may bepreceded by a guard interval (GI) and followed by additional LTFs toaccommodate additional multiple input, multiple output (MIMO) streams.Other embodiments do not comprise the additional LTFs because theycommunicate via a single stream.

Logic, modules, devices, and interfaces herein described may performfunctions that may be implemented in hardware and/or code. Hardwareand/or code may comprise software, firmware, microcode, processors,state machines, chipsets, or combinations thereof designed to accomplishthe functionality.

Embodiments may facilitate wireless communications. Some embodiments mayintegrate low power wireless communications like Bluetooth®, wirelesslocal area networks (WLANs), wireless metropolitan area networks(WMANs), wireless personal area networks (WPAN), cellular networks,Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE) IEEE802.11-2007, IEEE Standard for Information technology-Telecommunicationsand information exchange between systems-Local and metropolitan areanetworks-Specific requirements-Part 11: Wireless LAN Medium AccessControl (MAC) and Physical Layer (PHY) Specifications(http://standards.ieee.org/getieee802/download/802.11-2007.pdf),communications in networks, messaging systems, and smart-devices tofacilitate interaction between such devices. Furthermore, some wirelessembodiments may incorporate a single antenna while other embodiments mayemploy multiple antennas.

Turning now to FIG. 1 , there is shown an embodiment of a wirelesscommunication system 1000. The wireless communication system 1000comprises a communications device 1010 that is wire line or wirelesslyconnected to a network 1005. The communications device 1010 maycommunicate wirelessly with a plurality of communication devices 1030,1050, and 1055 via the network 1005. The communications devices 1010,1030, 1050, and 1055 may comprise sensors, stations, access points,hubs, switches, routers, computers, laptops, notebooks, cellular phones,PDAs (Personal Digital Assistants), or other wireless-capable devices.Thus, communications devices may be mobile or fixed. For example, thecommunications device 1010 may comprise a metering substation for waterconsumption within a neighborhood of homes. Each of the homes within theneighborhood may comprise a communications device such as thecommunications device 1030 and the communications device 1030 may beintegrated with or coupled to a water meter usage meter. Periodically,the communications device 1030 may initiate communications with themetering substation to transmit data related to water usage.Furthermore, the metering station or other communications device mayperiodically initiate communications with the communications device 1030to, e.g., update firmware of the communications device 1030. In otherembodiments, the communications device 1030 may only respond tocommunications and may not comprise logic that initiates communications.

In further embodiments, the communications device 1010 may facilitatedata offloading. For example, communications devices that are low powersensors may include a data offloading scheme to, e.g., communicate viaWi-Fi, another communications device, a cellular network, or the likefor the purposes of reducing power consumption consumed in waiting foraccess to, e.g., a metering station and/or increasing availability ofbandwidth. Communications devices that receive data from sensors such asmetering stations may include a data offloading scheme to, e.g.,communicate via Wi-Fi, another communications device, a cellularnetwork, or the like for the purposes of reducing congestion of thenetwork 1005.

The network 1005 may represent an interconnection of a number ofnetworks. For instance, the network 1005 may couple with a wide areanetwork such as the Internet or an intranet and may interconnect localdevices wired or wirelessly interconnected via one or more hubs,routers, or switches. In the present embodiment, network 1005communicatively couples communications devices 1010, 1030, 1050, and1055.

The communication devices 1010 and 1030 comprise memory 1011 and 1031,and medium access control (MAC) sublayer logic 1018 and 1038,respectively. The memory 1011, 1031 such as dynamic random access memory(DRAM) may store the frames, preambles, and preamble structures 1014 and1034, or portions thereof. The frames, also referred to as MAC layerprotocol data units (MPDUs), and the preamble structures 1014 and 1034may establish and maintain synchronized communications between thetransmitting device and the receiving device. The preamble structures1014 and 1034 may also establish the communications format and rate. Inparticular, preambles generated or determined based upon the preamblestructures 1014 and 1034 may train, e.g., the antenna arrays 1024 and1044 to communicate with each other, establish the modulation and codingscheme of the communications, the bandwidth or bandwidths of thecommunications, the length of the transmission vector (TXvector), theapplication of beamforming, and the like.

The MAC sublayer logic 1018, 1038 may generate the frames and thephysical layer (PHY) logic 1019, 1039 may generate physical layer dataunits (PPDUs). More specifically, the frame builders 1012 and 1032 maygenerate frames and the data unit builders 1013 and 1033 may generatePPDUs. The data unit builders 1013 and 1033 may generate PPDUs byencapsulating payloads comprising the frames generated by frame builders1012 and 1032. In the present embodiment, the data unit builders 1013and 1033 may encapsulate the frames with preambles based upon preamblestructures 1014 and 1034, respectively, to prefix the payloads to betransmitted over one or more RF channels. The function of a data unitbuilder, such as the data unit builder 1013 or 1033, is to assemblegroups of bits into code words or symbols that make up the preambles aswell as the payloads so the symbols can be converted into signals totransmit via antenna arrays 1024 and 1044, respectively.

Each data unit builder 1013, 1031 may supply a preamble structure 1014,1034 comprising a signal field 1015, 1035 and store the preamblesgenerated based upon the preamble structure 1014, 1034 in the memory1011, 1031 while the preambles are being generated and/or after thepreambles are generated. In the present embodiment, the preamblestructure 1014, 1034 may comprise one short training field (STF) and onelong training field (LTF) prior to the signal field 1015, 1035 and thedata payload. The STF and the LTF may train the antenna arrays 1022 and1042 to communicate with each other by making measurements related tocommunications such as measurements related to relative frequency,amplitude, and phase variations between quadrature signals. Inparticular, the STF may be used for packet detection, automatic gaincontrol, and coarse frequency estimation. The LTF may be used forchannel estimation, timing, and fine frequency estimation for a spatialchannel.

The signal field 1015, 1035 provides data related to establishingcommunications including, for example, bits representing the modulationand coding scheme MCS, bandwidth, length, beamforming, space time blockcoding (STBC), coding, aggregation, short guard interval (Short GI),cyclic redundancy check (CRC), and a tail. In some embodiments, forinstance, the signal field 1015, 1035 may comprise an MCS includingBinary Phase-Shift Keying (BPSK) with a coding rate of ½ or a 256-pointconstellation, Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (256-QAM) with a codingrate of ¾. In further embodiments, the signal field 1015, 1035 includesa modulation technique such as Staggered-Quadrature, Phase-Shift Keying(SQPSK). In many embodiments, the MCS establishes communication with 1to 4 spatial streams.

In several embodiments, the signal field 1015, 1035 may comprisebandwidths including 20 Megahertz (MHz) divided by N, 40 MHz divided byN, 80 MHz divided by N, or 160 MHz divided by N, wherein N is an integerand the bandwidths fall between 1 and 10 MHz. For example, bandwidthsmay include 160 MHz divided by N, wherein N equals 160, 80, 40, 20, and10, which results in bandwidths of 1 MHz, 2 MHz, 4 MHz, 8 MHz, and 16MHz. In further embodiments, bandwidths may include 20 MHz divided by N,wherein N equals 2, 4, 8, 10, 16, and 20, which results in bandwidths of1 MHz, 1.25 MHz, 2 MHz, 2.5 MHz, 5 MHz, and 10 MHz

The communications devices 1010, 1030, 1050, and 1055 may each comprisea transceiver (RX/TX) such as transceivers (RX/TX) 1020 and 1040. Eachtransceiver 1020, 1040 comprises an RF transmitter and an RF receiver.Each RF transmitter impresses digital data onto an RF frequency fortransmission of the data by electromagnetic radiation. An RF receiverreceives electromagnetic energy at an RF frequency and extracts thedigital data therefrom. FIG. 1 may depict a number of differentembodiments including a Multiple-Input, Multiple-Output (MIMO) systemwith, e.g., four spatial streams, and may depict degenerate systems inwhich one or more of the communications devices 1010, 1030, 1050, and1055 comprise a receiver and/or a transmitter with a single antennaincluding a Single-Input, Single Output (SISO) system, a Single-Input,Multiple Output (SIMO) system, and a Multiple-Input, Single Output(MISO) system. The wireless communication system 1000 of FIG. 1 isintended to represent an Institute for Electrical and ElectronicsEngineers (IEEE) 802.11ah system. Similarly, devices 1010, 1030, 1050,and 1055 are intended to represent IEEE 802.11ah devices.

In many embodiments, transceivers 1020 and 1040 implement orthogonalfrequency-division multiplexing (OFDM). OFDM is a method of encodingdigital data on multiple carrier frequencies. OFDM is afrequency-division multiplexing scheme used as a digital multi-carriermodulation method. A large number of closely spaced orthogonalsub-carrier signals are used to carry data. The data is divided intoseveral parallel data streams or channels, one for each sub-carrier.Each sub-carrier is modulated with a modulation scheme at a low symbolrate, maintaining total data rates similar to conventionalsingle-carrier modulation schemes in the same bandwidth.

An OFDM system uses several carriers, or “tones,” for functionsincluding data, pilot, guard, and nulling. Data tones are used totransfer information between the transmitter and receiver via one of thechannels. Pilot tones are used to maintain the channels, and may provideinformation about time/frequency and channel tracking. Guard tones maybe inserted between symbols such as the STF and LTF symbols duringtransmission to avoid inter-symbol interference (ISI), which mightresult from multi-path distortion. These guard tones also help thesignal conform to a spectral mask. The nulling of the direct component(DC) may be used to simplify direct conversion receiver designs.

In one embodiment, the communications device 1010 optionally comprises adigital beam former (DBF) 1022, as indicated by the dashed lines. TheDBF 1022 transforms information signals into signals to be applied toelements of an antenna array 1024. The antenna array 1024 is an array ofindividual, separately excitable antenna elements. The signals appliedto the elements of the antenna array 1024 cause the antenna array 1024to radiate one to four spatial channels. Each spatial channel so formedmay carry information to one or more of the communications devices 1030,1050, and 1055. Similarly, the communications device 1030 comprises atransceiver 1040 to receive and transmit signals from and to thecommunications device 1010. The transceiver 1040 may comprise an antennaarray 1044 and, optionally, a DBF 1042. In parallel with digital beamforming, the transceiver 1040 is capable of communicating with IEEE802.11ah devices.

FIG. 1A depicts an embodiment of a physical layer protocol data unit(PPDU) 1060 with a preamble structure 1062 for establishingcommunications between wireless communication devices such ascommunications devices 1010. 1030, 1050, and 1055 in FIG. 1 . The PPDU1060 may comprise a preamble structure 1062 including orthogonalfrequency division multiplexing (OFDM) training symbols for a singlemultiple input, multiple output (MIMO) stream followed by a signalfield, followed by additional OFDM training symbols for additional MIMOstreams, and the preamble structure 1060 may be followed by the datapayload. In particular, the PPDU 1060 may comprise a short trainingfield (STF) 1064, a long training field (LTF) 1066, the 11AH-SIG 1068,additional LTFs 1069, and data 1070. The STF 1064 may comprise a numberof short training symbols such as 10 short training symbols that are 0.8microseconds (µs) times N in length, wherein N is an integerrepresenting the down-clocking factor from a 20 MHz channel spacing. Forinstance, the timing would double for 10 MHz channel spacing. The totaltime frame for the STF 1064 at a 20 MHz channel spacing is 8 µs times N.

The LTF 1066 may comprise a guard interval (GI) symbol and two longtraining symbols. The guard interval symbol may have a duration of 1.6µs times N and each of the long training symbols may have durations of3.2 µs times N at the 20 MHz channel spacing. The total time frame forthe LTF 1066 at a 20 MHz channel spacing is 8 µs times N.

The 11ah-SIG 1068 may comprise a GI symbol at 0.8 µs times N and signalfield symbols at 7.2 µs times N such as the symbols described in FIG.1C. The additional LTFs 1069 may comprise one or more LTF symbols foradditional MIMO streams if needed at 4 µs times N at 20 MHz channelspacing. The data 1070 may comprise one or more MAC sublayer protocoldata units (MPDUs) and may include one or more GIs. For example, data1070 may comprise one or more sets of symbols including a GI symbol at0.8 µs times N at the 20 MHz channel spacing followed by payload data at3.2 µs times N at the 20 MHz channel spacing.

The present embodiment may comprise five allowed bandwidths such as 1MHz, 2 MHz, 4 MHz, 8 MHz and 16 MHz. In some embodiments, the preamblegenerated in accordance with the preamble structure 1062 may bereplicated into, e.g., two bandwidths such as two 1 MHz bandwidths. Oncethe data portion starts, replication may no longer occur and new toneallocations may be implemented. For instance, the tone allocation forthe preamble may be fixed at 56 tones for the lowest bandwidth (1 MHz),may be replicated to get a total of 112 tones for the next bandwidth (2MHz), may be replicated for a total of 224 tones for the next bandwidth(4 MHz), may be replicated again for a total of 448 tones for the nextbandwidth (8 MHz), and may be replicated again for a total of 896 tonesfor the largest bandwidth (16 MHz). The tone allocation for the data1070 may be set at 56 tones (52 data tones plus 4 pilot tones) for a 1MHz bandwidth, 114 tones (108 tones for the data plus 6 pilot tones) fora 2 MHz bandwidth, 242 tones (234 data tones plus 8 pilot tones) for a 4MHz bandwidth, 484 tones (468 tones for the data plus 16 pilot tones)for a 8 MHz bandwidth, and 968 tones (936 tones for the data plus 32pilot tones) for a 16 MHz bandwidth.

FIG. 1B depicts an alternative embodiment of a physical layer protocoldata unit (PPDU) 1080 with a preamble structure 1082 for establishingcommunications between wireless communication devices such ascommunications devices 1010. 1030, 1050, and 1055 in FIG. 1 . The PPDU1080 may comprise a preamble structure 1082 including orthogonalfrequency division multiplexing (OFDM) training symbols for a singlemultiple input, multiple output (MIMO) stream followed by a signalfield, and the data payload may follow the preamble structure 1080. Inparticular, the PPDU 1080 may comprise a short training field (STF)1064, a long training field (LTF) 1066, the 11AH-SIG 1068, and data1070.

FIG. 1C depicts an embodiment of a signal field, 11AH-SIG 1068 forestablishing communications between wireless communication devices suchas communications devices 1010, 1030, 1050, and 1055 in FIG. 1 . Whilethe number, types, and content of the fields may differ betweenembodiments, the present embodiment may comprise a signal field with asequence of bits for a modulation and coding scheme (MCS) 1104parameter, a bandwidth (BW) 1106 parameter, a length 1108 parameter, abeamforming (BF) 1110 parameter, a space-time block coding (STBC) 1112parameter, a coding 1114 parameter, an aggregation 1116 parameter, ashort guard interval (SGI) 1118 parameter, a cyclic redundancy check(CRC) 1120 parameter, and a tail 1122 parameter.

The MCS 1104 parameter may comprise six bits and may designate binaryphase-shift keying (BPSK), 16-point constellation quadrature amplitudemodulation (16-QAM), 64-point constellation quadrature amplitudemodulation (64-QAM), 256-point constellation quadrature amplitudemodulation (256-QAM), quadrature phase-shift keying (QPSK), or staggeredquadrature phase-shift keying (SQPSK) as a modulation format for acommunication. The selections may offer one to four spatial streams forthe communication. The BPSK may have a coding rate of ½. The 256-QAM mayhave a coding rate of ¾. And the SQPSK, also referred to as OQPSK, mayhave a coding rate of ½ or ¾. In some embodiments, SQPSK is an allowedmodulation format on the signal and data fields to extend the range ofoperation of the communications devices for, e.g., outdoor sensormonitoring.

The BW 1106 parameter may comprise 2 bits and may involve selecting abandwidth from four bandwidths such as 2 MHz, 4 MHz, 8 MHz, and 16 MHz.Selection of a fifth bandwidth such as 1 MHz may also be selected viaanother method. In other embodiments, the BW 1106 parameter may offerfour different bandwidths that are down-clocked by an integer N from 20MHz, 40 MHz, 80 MHz, or 160 MHz. The number N may be any integer such as1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, ...

The length 1108 parameter may comprise 16 bits and may describe thelength of the transmit vector in octets. In some embodiments, theallowed values for the length 1108 parameter are in the range of 1 to4095. The length 1108 parameter may indicate the number of octets in theMAC protocol data unit (MPDU) that the MAC sublayer logic is currentlyrequesting the physical layer (PHY) device, e.g., the transceiver 1020,1040 in FIG. 1 , to transmit. The length 1108 parameter is used by thePHY to determine the number of octet transfers that will occur betweenthe MAC and the PHY after receiving a request to start the transmission.

The beamforming (BF) 1110 parameter may comprise one bit and maydesignate whether or not the PHY will implement beamforming fortransmission of the MPDU. The space-time block coding (STBC) 1112parameter may comprise one bit and may designate whether or not toimplement a space-time block coding such as Alamouti’s code. And thecoding 1114 parameter may comprise two bits and may designate whether touse binary convolutional coding (BCC) or low density parity check coding(LDPC).

The aggregation 1116 parameter may comprise one bit and may designatewhether or not to mandate MPDU aggregation (A-MPDU). The short guardinterval (SGI) 1118 parameter may comprise one or two bits and maydesignate the duration of the SGI. For example, one bit may be set to alogical one to designate a short guard interval or set to a logical zeroto designate a long guard interval and the second bit may designateshort guard interval length ambiguity mitigation.

The cyclic redundancy check (CRC) 1120 sequence parameter may comprise asix bit hash of 11ah-SIG 1068 for error checking and the tail 1122parameter may comprise a six bit sequence of, e.g., logical zeros orones, to designate the end of the signal field, 11ah-SIG 1068.

FIG. 1D illustrates an embodiment 1200 of an operation of one of thefunctions of a frame. In particular, FIG. 1D illustrates the use on aprotected transmission operation (TxOP) for embodiments. Someembodiments may utilize the protected TxOP to inform devices other thanthe receiver prior to transmission of the frame that the other devicesshould refrain from transmitting for a particular duration of time. Theparticular duration of time may be time allocated for transmitting theframe. For instance, for embodiments that utilize Transmit beamforming(TxBF), beamforming may begin with the transmission of the signal fieldsuch as the signal field 1068 illustrated in FIG. 1C or the signalfields 1015 or 1035 in FIG. 1 . As a result, some communications devicessuch as communications devices 1010, 1030, 1050, and 1055 may not beable to decode the signal field. In such embodiments, a virtual carriersensing mechanism may be implemented the to instruct the communicationsdevices to defer from accessing the communications medium such a network1005 of FIG. 1 for a period of time.

As illustrated in FIG. 1D, to establish communications, a transmittertransmits a control frame comprising a Request To Send (RTS) field thatis received by a receiver. The control frame also comprises an addressfield and a duration field (not shown in FIG. 1D). The address fieldindicates to which receiver the transmission is intended. The durationfield comprises a Network Allocation Vector (NAV) that indicates theduration of time reserved for the transmission. After the RTS signal issent, but before the data of the transmission is sent, the transmitterwaits to receive a Clear To Send (CTS) signal from the receiver. If theCTS is not received within a short period of time, the intendedtransmission is temporarily abandoned and a new RTS signal may be sentlater. Once the CTS signal is received in response to the RTS, thetransmitter sends the data during the duration of the NAV, as shown inFIG. 1D. Devices other than the intended receiver may set theirrespective NAVs to refrain from communications throughout the durationof the NAV.

FIG. 2 illustrates an embodiment of an apparatus to transmit anorthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM)-based communication ina wireless network. The apparatus comprises a transceiver 200 coupledwith medium access control (MAC) sublayer logic 201 and a physical layer(PHY) logic 250. The MAC sublayer logic 201 and PHY layer logic 250 maygenerate a physical layer protocol data unit (PPDU) to transmit viatransceiver 200.

The MAC sublayer logic 201 may comprise hardware and/or code toimplement data link layer functionality including generation of MACprotocol data units (MPDUs) from MAC service data units (MSDUs) byencapsulating the MSDUs in frames via a frame builder 202. For example,a frame builder may generate a frame including a type field thatspecifies whether the frame is a management, control or data frame and asubtype field to specify the function of the frame. A control frame mayinclude a Ready-To-Send or Clear-To-Send frame. A management frame maycomprise a Beacon, Probe Response, Association Response, andReassociation Response frame type. The duration field that follows thefirst frame control field specifies the duration of this transmission.As discussed above, the duration field includes the Network AllocationVector (NAV), which can be used as a protection mechanism forcommunications. And the data type frame is designed to transmit data. Anaddress field may follow the duration field, specifying the address ofthe intended receiver or receivers for the transmission.

The PHY logic 250 may comprise a data unit builder 203. The data unitbuilder 203 may determine a preamble based upon a preamble structuresuch as the preamble structure illustrated in FIG. 1C to encapsulate theMPDU to generate a PPDU. In many embodiments, the data unit builder 203may select a preamble from memory such as a default preamble for dataframe transmissions, control frame transmissions, or managementtransmissions. In several embodiments, the data unit builder 203 maycreate the preamble based upon a default set of values for the preamblereceived from another communications device. For example, a datacollection station compliant with IEEE 802.11ah for a farm mayperiodically receive data from low power sensors that have integratedwireless communications devices compliant with IEEE 802.11ah. Thesensors may enter a low power mode for a period of time, wake to collectdata periodically, and communicate with the data collection stationperiodically to transmit the data collected by the sensor. In someembodiments, the sensor may proactively initiate communications with thedata collection station, transmit data indicative of a communicationscapability, and begin communicating the data to the data collectionstation in response to a CTS or the like. In other embodiments, thesensor may transmit data to the data collection station in response toinitiation of communications by the data collection station.

The data unit builder 203 may generate the preamble including an STF, aguard interval, an LTF, and an 11ah-SIG field. In many embodiments, thedata unit builder 203 may create the preamble based upon communicationsparameters chosen through interaction with another communicationsdevice. The data unit builder 203 may create the preamble with the11ah-SIG field comprising an MCS field having six bits indicative ofBinary Phase-Shift Keying with a coding rate of ½ and four spatialstreams. The data unit builder 203 may determine a bandwidth from fiveallowed bandwidths such as 16 MHz, 8 MHz, 4 MHz, 2 MHz, and 1 MHz. Infurther embodiments wherein the bandwidths fall within 1 MHz to 10 MHz,four of the bandwidths may comprise sets of bandwidths such as 10 MHz,6.7 MHz, 5 MHz, and 4 MHz; 10 MHz, 5 MHz, 4 MHz, and 2.5 MHz; 10 MHz, 5MHz, 2.5 MHz, and 1.25 MHz; 5 MHz, 4 MHz, 3.3 MHz and 2.9 MHz, or thelike. In other embodiments, sets of four bandwidths may comprise one ormore bandwidths that are greater than 10 MHz such as 20 MHz, 10 MHz, 5MHz, and 2.5 MHz; 40 MHz, 20 MHz, 10 MHz, and 5 MHz; 40 MHz, 20 MHz, 10MHz, and 5 MHz; 26.7 MHz, 20 MHz, 16 MHz, and 13.3 MHz; or the like. Thedata unit builder 203 may set the BW bits to values representative ofone of the four bandwidths of 10 MHz, 5 MHz, 2.5 MHz, and 1.25 MHz. Andin many embodiments, a fifth bandwidth may be selected by another meanswithin the 11ah-SIG field such as a bandwidth parameter with a thirdbit, an extended data payload with one or more bits that indicate thefifth bandwidth, a setting of another bit within the 11ah-SIG field inconjunction with an indication of the bandwidth parameter being set to aparticular bandwidth, or the like.

In many embodiments, the data unit builder 203 may create the preamblewith the 11ah-SIG field comprising a length field that is 16 bits longwith the least significant bit (LSB) first. The length field maycomprise the length of the transmit vector (TXVECTOR). In furtherembodiments, the data unit builder 203 may create a preamble with the11ah-SIG field comprising a coding bit to select low density paritycheck (LDPC) and an extra coding bit to offer LDPC duration ambiguity.The data unit builder 203 may create the preamble with the 11ah-SIGfield comprising a bit for transmit beamforming (TxBF). For example,some embodiments may set the TxBF bit to a logical one to indicate thatthe transmission should be beamformed for data packets to communicationsdevices that have beamforming capabilities and may set the TxBF bit to alogical zero to indicate that the transmission should not be beamformedfor, e.g., protection mechanism frames.

In several embodiments, the data unit builder 203 may create thepreamble with the 11ah-SIG field comprising a short guard interval (SGI)field, which may be, e.g., 1.6 microseconds (µs) times N, wherein N isthe integer by which the timing is down-clocked from 20 MHz channelspacing. The data unit builder 203 may also create the preamble with the11ah-SIG field comprising a cyclic redundancy check (CRC) field forerror correction and a tail comprising, e.g., six zero bits to enabledecoding of, e.g., the MCS and length fields immediately after thereception of the tail bits.

In some embodiments, the data unit builder 203 may allocate tones forthe preamble based upon IEEE 802.11n/ac tone allocations. For example,56 tones may be allocated for the preamble for the 1.25 MHz bandwidth,112 tones may be allocated for the 2.5 MHz bandwidth, 224 tones may beallocated for the 5 MHz bandwidth, and 448 tones may be allocated forthe 10 MHz bandwidth. In many embodiments, the data unit builder 203 mayallocate tones differently for the data or MPDU portion of the PPDU. Forinstance, 56 tones may be allocated for the data at the 1.25 MHzbandwidth, 114 tones may be allocated for the data at the 2.5 MHzbandwidth, 242 tones may be allocated for the data at the 5 MHzbandwidth, and 484 tones may be allocated for the data at the 10 MHzbandwidth.

The transceiver 200 comprises a receiver 204 and a transmitter 206. Thetransmitter 206 may comprise one or more of an encoder 208, a modulator210, an OFDM 212, and a DBF 214. The encoder 208 of transmitter 206receives data destined for transmission from the MAC sublayer logic 202.The MAC sublayer logic 202 may present data to transceiver 200 in blocksor symbols such as bytes of data. The encoder 208 may encode the datausing any one of a number of algorithms now known or to be developed.Encoding may be done to achieve one or more of a plurality of differentpurposes. For example, coding may be performed to decrease the averagenumber of bits that must be sent to transfer each symbol of informationto be transmitted. Coding may be performed to decrease a probability oferror in symbol detection at the receiver. Thus, an encoder mayintroduce redundancy to the data stream. Adding redundancy increases thechannel bandwidth required to transmit the information, but results inless error, and enables the signal to be transmitted at lower power.Encoding may also comprise encryption for security.

In the present embodiment, the encoder 208 may implement a binaryconvolutional coding (BCC) or a low density parity check coding (LDPC),as well as other encodings.

The modulator 210 of transmitter 206 receives data from encoder 208. Apurpose of modulator 210 is to transform each block of binary datareceived from encoder 208 into a unique continuous-time waveform thatcan be transmitted by an antenna upon up-conversion and amplification.The modulator 210 impresses the received data blocks onto a sinusoid ofa selected frequency. More specifically, the modulator 210 maps the datablocks into a corresponding set of discrete amplitudes of the sinusoid,or a set of discrete phases of the sinusoid, or a set of discretefrequency shifts relative to the frequency of the sinusoid. The outputof modulator 210 is a band pass signal.

In one embodiment, the modulator 210 may implement Quadrature AmplitudeModulation (QAM) impressing two separate k-bit symbols from theinformation sequence onto two quadrature carriers, cos (2πft) andsin(2πft). QAM conveys two digital bit streams, by changing (modulating)the amplitudes of two carrier waves, using the amplitude-shift keying(ASK) digital modulation scheme. The two carrier waves are out of phasewith each other by 90° and are thus called quadrature carriers orquadrature components. The modulated waves are summed, and the resultingwaveform is a combination of both phase-shift keying (PSK) andamplitude-shift keying (ASK). A finite number of at least two phases andat least two amplitudes may be used.

In another embodiment, the modulator 210 maps the blocks of datareceived from encoder 208 into a set of discrete phases of the carrierto produce a Phase-Shift Keyed (PSK) signal. An N-phase PSK signal isgenerated by mapping blocks of k = log₂ Nbinary digits of an inputsequence into one of N corresponding phases θ=2π(n-1)/n for n a positiveinteger less than or equal to N. A resulting equivalent low pass signalmay be represented as

$u(t) = {\sum\limits_{n = 0}^{\infty}{e^{j\theta_{n}}g( {t - nT} )}}$

where g(t-nT) is a basic pulse whose shape may be optimized to increasethe probability of accurate detection at a receiver by, for example,reducing inter-symbol interference. Such embodiments may use BinaryPhase-Shift Keying (BPSK), the simplest form of phase-shift keying(PSK). BPSK uses two phases which are separated by 180° and is the mostrobust of all the PSKs since it takes the highest level of noise ordistortion to make the demodulator reach an incorrect decision. In BPSK,there are two states for the signal phase: 0 and 180 degrees. The datais often differentially encoded prior to modulation.

In yet another embodiment, the modulator 210 maps the blocks of datareceived from encoder 208 alternately on two channels or streams calledthe I channel (for “in phase”) and the Q channel (“phase quadrature”),which is referred to as staggered quadrature phase-shift keying (SQPSK).SQPSK is a method of phase-shift keying in which the signal carrier-wavephase transition is 90 degrees or ¼ cycle at a time. A phase shift of 90degrees is known as phase quadrature. A single-phase transition does notexceed 90 degrees. In SQPSK, there are four states: 0, +90, -90 and 180degrees.

The output of modulator 210 may be up-converted to a higher carryingfrequency. Or, modulation may be performed integrally withup-conversion. Shifting the signal to a much higher frequency beforetransmission enables use of an antenna array of practical dimensions.That is, the higher the transmission frequency, the smaller the antennacan be. Thus, an upconverter multiplies the modulated waveform by asinusoid to obtain a signal with a carrier frequency that is the sum ofthe central frequency of the waveform and the frequency of the sinusoid.The operation is based on the trigonometric identity:

$\sin A\cos B = \frac{1}{2}\lbrack {\sin( {A + B} ) + \sin( {A - B} )} \rbrack$

The signal at the sum frequency (A+B) is passed and the signal at thedifference frequency (A-B) is filtered out. Thus, a band pass filter isprovided to ideally filter out all but the information to betransmitted, centered at the carrier (sum) frequency.

The output of modulator 210 may be fed to an orthogonal frequencydivision multiplexer (OFDM) 212 via a space-time block coding (STBC).OFDM 212 impresses the modulated data from modulator 210 onto aplurality of orthogonal sub-carriers. The output of the OFDM 212 is fedto the digital beam former (DBF) 214. Digital beam forming techniquesare employed to increase the efficiency and capacity of a wirelesssystem. Generally, digital beam forming uses digital signal processingalgorithms that operate on the signals received by, and transmittedfrom, an array of antenna elements to achieve enhanced systemperformance. For example, a plurality of spatial channels may be formedand each spatial channel may be steered independently to maximize thesignal power transmitted to and received from each of a plurality ofuser terminals. Further, digital beam forming may be applied to minimizemulti-path fading and to reject co-channel interference.

The transceiver 200 may also comprise diplexers 216 connected to antennaarray 218. Thus, in this embodiment, a single antenna array is used forboth transmission and reception. When transmitting, the signal passesthrough diplexers 216 and drives the antenna with the up-convertedinformation-bearing signal, x. During transmission, the diplexers 216prevent the signals to be transmitted from entering receiver 204. Whenreceiving, information bearing signals received by the antenna arraypass through diplexers 216 to deliver the signal from the antenna arrayto receiver 204. The diplexers 216 then prevent the received signalsfrom entering transmitter 206. Thus, diplexers 216 operate as switchesto alternately connect the antenna array elements to the receiver 204and the transmitter 206.

Antenna array 218 radiates the information bearing signals into atime-varying, spatial distribution of electromagnetic energy that can bereceived by an antenna of a receiver. The receiver can then extract theinformation of the received signal. An array of antenna elements canproduce multiple spatial channels that can be steered to optimize systemperformance. Reciprocally, multiple spatial channels in the radiationpattern at a receive antenna can be separated into different spatialchannels. Thus, a radiation pattern of antenna array 218 may be highlyselective. The antenna array 218 may be implemented using printedcircuit board metallization technology. Microstrips, striplines,slotlines, and patches, for example, are all candidates for the antennaarray 218.

The transceiver 200 may comprise a receiver 204 for receiving,demodulating, and decoding information bearing signals. The receiver 204may comprise one or more of a DBF 220, an OFDM 222, a demodulator 224and a decoder 226. The received signals are fed from antenna elements218 to a DBF 220. The DBF 220 transforms N antenna signals into Linformation signals.

The output of the DBF 220 is fed to the OFDM 222. The OFDM 222 extractssignal information from the plurality of subcarriers onto whichinformation-bearing signals are modulated.

The demodulator 224 demodulates the received signal. Demodulation is theprocess of extracting information from the received signal to produce anun-demodulated information signal. The method of demodulation depends onthe method by which the information is modulated onto the receivedcarrier signal. Thus, for example, if the modulation is BPSK,demodulation involves phase detection to convert phase information to abinary sequence. Demodulation provides to the decoder a sequence of bitsof information. The decoder 226 decodes the received data from thedemodulator 224 and transmits the decoded information, the MPDU, to theMAC sublayer logic 202.

Persons of skill in the art will recognize that a transceiver maycomprise numerous additional functions not shown in FIG. 2 and that thereceiver 204 and transmitter 206 can be distinct devices rather thanbeing packaged as one transceiver. For instance, embodiments of atransceiver may comprise a dynamic random access memory (DRAM), areference oscillator, filtering circuitry, synchronization circuitry,possibly multiple frequency conversion stages and multiple amplificationstages, etc. Further, some of the functions shown in FIG. 2 may beintegrated. For example, digital beam forming may be integrated withorthogonal frequency division multiplexing.

FIG. 3 depicts an example flowchart 300 for generating a preamblestructure such as the preamble structures illustrated in FIGS. 1A and1B. The flowchart 300 begins with receiving a frame from the framebuilder (element 305). The MAC sublayer logic may generate a frame totransmit to another communications device and may pass the frame as anMPDU to a data unit builder that transforms the data into a packet thatcan be transmitted to the other communications device. The data unitbuilder may generate a preamble based upon a preamble structure, likethe preamble structure 1062 in FIG. 1A, to encapsulate the PSDU (theMPDU from the frame builder) to form a PPDU for transmission. In someembodiments, more than one MPDU may be encapsulated in a PPDU.

The data unit builder may determine or create a preamble to encapsulatethe frame with one or more of the elements 310 through 345. Ingenerating the preamble, the data unit builder may generate a signalfield such as 11ah-SIG 1068 in FIGS. 1A-C although the fields and theircontent may differ from the fields described with respect to FIG. 1C. Togenerate the signal field, the data unit builder may determine amodulation and coding scheme for the PPDU (element 310). The databuilder may select a default modulation and coding scheme, select amodulation and coding scheme indicated via communications with the othercommunications device, or otherwise select a modulation and codingscheme. In many embodiments, the data unit builder may select amodulation and coding scheme from a group of modulation and codingschemes comprising BPSK at a rate of ½, 256-QAM at a rate of ¾, orSQPSK.

While the generation of fields of the preamble may occur in any order ormay comprise selection of a preamble from memory, the present embodimentmay determine the bandwidth of the communication (element 315) afterdetermining the modulation and coding scheme. Determining the bandwidthmay comprise selecting a bandwidth from five bandwidths such as 1 MHz, 2MHz, 4 MHz, 8 MHz and 16 MHz.

The data unit builder may determine if beamforming should be implementedby setting the beamforming bit (element 320). The data unit builder mayset the beamforming bit to a logical one to implement beamforming fordata frames and may set the beamforming bit to a logical zero to turnoff beamforming for a number of different reasons. For instance,beamforming may be turned off when the communications device originatingthe transmission or the communications device to which the transmissionis addressed does not support beamforming.

In many embodiments, the data unit builder determines the space-timeblock coding (STBC) bit (element 325) by setting the bit to a logicalone turn on STBC and to a logical zero to turn off STBC. STBC maytransmit multiple copies of a data stream across a number of antennasand to exploit the various received copies of the data to improve thereliability of data-transfer. This redundancy results in a higher chanceof being able to use one or more of the received copies to correctlydecode the received signal. In several embodiments, STBC combines allthe copies of the received signal to extract as information from each ofthe copies.

After determining the STBC value, the data unit builder may determinethe coding value (element 330). The data unit builder may determinewhether to use binary convolutional coding (BCC) or low density paritycheck coding (LDPC). In some embodiments, the coding parameter mayinclude an extra bit for LDPC duration ambiguity. The BCC may be viewedas a linear finite-state shift register with an output sequencecomprising a set of linear combinations of the input sequence. Thenumber of output bits from the shift register for each input bit may bea measure of the redundancy in the code. And the LDPC code is a linearerror correcting code, a method of transmitting a message over a noisytransmission channel, and may be constructed using a sparse bipartitegraph. LDPC codes are capacity-approaching codes, which can be decodedin time linear to their block length and are defined by a sparseparity-check matrix.

In some embodiments, the data unit builder may determine the aggregationvalue by setting the aggregation value to a logical one to mandate anaggregated MPDU (A-MPDU) (element 335). In mandating an aggregated MPDU,the data unit builder may require that each data transmission of a PPDUinclude more that one MPDU in the data payload. Because managementinformation needs to be specified only once per PPDU, the ratio ofpayload data to the total volume of data transmitted is higher, allowinglower power consumption.

The data unit builder may then determine the short guard interval (SGI)value (element 340). In many embodiments, the data unit builder mayselect between two or more SGI values. For example, the data unitbuilder may set the SGI value to a logical zero to select an SGI of 400nanoseconds and set the SGI value to a logical one to select an SGI of600 nanoseconds.

In several embodiments, the data builder may complete the preamble witha cyclic redundancy check (CRC) (element 345) and a tail. The CRC mayinclude, e.g., a type of hash function used to produce a checksum inorder to detect errors in data transmission and the tail may comprise aseries of bits such as six logical zeros to designate the end of thepreamble.

After determining the preamble, the data unit builder may encapsulatethe frame (MPDU), or multiple frames if A-MPDU is set to a logical one,with the preamble to generate a PPDU for transmission to anothercommunications device (element 350). The PPDU may then be transmitted tothe physical layer device such as the transmitter 206 in FIG. 2 or thetransceiver 1020, 1040 in FIG. 1 so the PPDU may be converted to asignal based upon the preamble and transmitted via an antenna (element355). If more frames are received (element 360) from the frame builderthen additional PPDUs may be determined in elements 310 through 350.

FIGS. 4A-B depict embodiments of flowcharts to transmit and receivecommunications with a transmitter and a receiver as illustrated in FIG.2 . Referring to FIG. 4A, the flowchart 400 begins with a transmittersuch as transmitter 206 receiving a PPDU from MAC sublayer logic via PHYlogic (element 405). The transmitter may convert the PPDU to acommunication signal (element 410) that can be transmitted via anantenna such as an antenna element of antenna array 218. Morespecifically, the transmitter may encode the PPDU via one or moreencoding schemes described in a preamble of the PPDU such as BCC orLDPC. The transmitter may modulate the PPDU via a modulation and codingscheme indicated by the preamble such as BPSK, 16-QAM, 64-QAM, 256-QAM,QPSK, or SQPSK. The transmitter may divide the data amongst thesubcarriers via OFDM in accordance with the preamble and the transmittermay beamform signals to create a communication signal. Thereafter, thetransmitter may transmit the communication signal to the antenna(s) totransmit the signal to another communications device (element 415).

Referring to FIG. 4B, the flowchart 450 begins with a receiver such asthe receiver 204 receiving a communication signal via one or moreantenna(s) such as an antenna element of antenna array 218 (element455). The receiver may convert the communication signal to a MPDU inaccordance with the process described in the preamble (element 460) suchas a preamble based upon the preamble structure 1062 or 1082 in FIGS.1A-B. More specifically, the received signal is fed from the one or moreantennas to a DBF such as the DBF 220 illustrated in FIG. 2 . The DBFtransforms the antenna signals into information signals such asillustrated in FIG. 3B. The output of the DBF is fed to OFDM such as theOFDM 222. The OFDM extracts signal information from the plurality ofsubcarriers onto which information-bearing signals are modulated. Then,the demodulator such as the demodulator 224 demodulates the signalinformation via, e.g., BPSK, 256-QAM, or SQPSK. And the decoder such asthe decoder 226 decodes the signal information from the demodulator via,e.g., BCC or LDPC, to extract the MPDU (element 460) and transmits theMPDU to MAC sublayer logic such as MAC sublayer logic 202 (element 465).

Another embodiment is implemented as a program product for implementingsystems and methods described with reference to FIGS. 1-4 . Someembodiments can take the form of an entirely hardware embodiment, anentirely software embodiment, or an embodiment containing both hardwareand software elements. One embodiment is implemented in software, whichincludes but is not limited to firmware, resident software, microcode,etc.

Furthermore, embodiments can take the form of a computer program product(or machine-accessible product) accessible from a computer-usable orcomputer-readable medium providing program code for use by or inconnection with a computer or any instruction execution system. For thepurposes of this description, a computer-usable or computer readablemedium can be any apparatus that can contain, store, communicate,propagate, or transport the program for use by or in connection with theinstruction execution system, apparatus, or device.

The medium can be an electronic, magnetic, optical, electromagnetic,infrared, or semiconductor system (or apparatus or device). Examples ofa computer-readable medium include a semiconductor or solid-statememory, magnetic tape, a removable computer diskette, a random accessmemory (RAM), a read-only memory (ROM), a rigid magnetic disk, and anoptical disk. Current examples of optical disks include compact disk -read only memory (CD-ROM), compact disk - read/write (CD-R/W), and DVD.

A data processing system suitable for storing and/or executing programcode will include at least one processor coupled directly or indirectlyto memory elements through a system bus. The memory elements can includelocal memory employed during actual execution of the program code, bulkstorage, and cache memories which provide temporary storage of at leastsome program code in order to reduce the number of times code must beretrieved from bulk storage during execution.

The logic as described above may be part of the design for an integratedcircuit chip. The chip design is created in a graphical computerprogramming language, and stored in a computer storage medium (such as adisk, tape, physical hard drive, or virtual hard drive such as in astorage access network). If the designer does not fabricate chips or thephotolithographic masks used to fabricate chips, the designer transmitsthe resulting design by physical means (e.g., by providing a copy of thestorage medium storing the design) or electronically (e.g., through theInternet) to such entities, directly or indirectly. The stored design isthen converted into the appropriate format (e.g., GDSII) for thefabrication.

The resulting integrated circuit chips can be distributed by thefabricator in raw wafer form (that is, as a single wafer that hasmultiple unpackaged chips), as a bare die, or in a packaged form. In thelatter case, the chip is mounted in a single chip package (such as aplastic carrier, with leads that are affixed to a motherboard or otherhigher level carrier) or in a multichip package (such as a ceramiccarrier that has either or both surface interconnections or buriedinterconnections). In any case, the chip is then integrated with otherchips, discrete circuit elements, and/or other signal processing devicesas part of either (a) an intermediate product, such as a motherboard, or(b) an end product.

What is claimed is: 1-30. (canceled)
 31. An apparatus, comprising:memory; and a processor coupled with the memory to: generate a preamblein a physical protocol data unit (PPDU) to transmit by a transmitter viaa wireless channel of a below 1 GHz frequency band, the preamble of thePPDU to comprise a short training field (STF), a long training field(LTF), and a signal field, the processor to generate the preamble as a 1MHz bandwidth (BW) preamble and to replicate the STF, the LTF, and thesignal field of the 1 MHz BW preamble to generate a 2 MHz BW preamblefor transmission of the PPDU as a 2 MHz BW PPDU, a 4 MHz BW preamble fortransmission of the PPDU as a 4 MHz BW PPDU, an 8 MHz BW preamble fortransmission of the PPDU as a 8 MHz BW PPDU, or a 16 MHz BW fortransmission of the PPDU as a 16 MHz BW PPDU; and cause transmission ofthe PPDU.
 32. The apparatus of claim 31, further comprising thetransmitter coupled with the processor and an antenna coupled with thetransmitter to transmit the PPDU.
 33. The apparatus of claim 31, whereina duration of the signal field is 80 microseconds.
 34. The apparatus ofclaim 31, wherein a duration of the STF is 80 microseconds .
 35. Theapparatus of claim 31, wherein a duration of the LTF is 80 microsecondsand a duration of an additional LTF is 40 microseconds.
 36. Theapparatus of claim 31, the preamble to comprise one or more additionalLTFs following the signal field.
 37. The apparatus of claim 31, whereina duration of a guard interval 16 microseconds.
 38. The apparatus ofclaim 31, wherein the signal field comprises a space-time block coding(STBC) field to comprise a STBC parameter to designate whetherspace-time block coding is implemented.
 39. The apparatus of claim 31,the signal field to comprise a short guard interval parameter tocomprise one bit.
 40. The apparatus of claim 31, the signal field tocomprise a coding parameter to designate whether binary convolutionalcoding (BCC) or low density parity check (LDPC) is used.
 41. Theapparatus of claim 31, the signal field to comprise a modulation andcoding scheme (MCS) parameter to designate a modulation format and acoding rate.
 42. A non-transitory machine-accessible product comprisingcode, the code to cause a processor to perform operations when executedby the processor, the operations to: generate a preamble in a physicalprotocol data unit (PPDU) to transmit by a transmitter via a wirelesschannel of a below 1 GHz frequency band, the preamble of the PPDU tocomprise a short training field (STF), a long training field (LTF), anda signal field, the processor to generate the preamble as a 1 MHzbandwidth (BW) preamble and to replicate the STF, the LTF, and thesignal field of the 1 MHz BW preamble to generate a 2 MHz BW preamblefor transmission of the PPDU as a 2 MHz BW PPDU, a 4 MHz BW preamble fortransmission of the PPDU as a 4 MHz BW PPDU, an 8 MHz BW preamble fortransmission of the PPDU as a 8 MHz BW PPDU, or a 16 MHz BW fortransmission of the PPDU as a 16 MHz BW PPDU.
 43. The non-transitorymachine-accessible product of claim 42, the signal field to comprise ashort guard interval parameter to comprise one bit.
 44. Thenon-transitory machine-accessible product of claim 42, the signal fieldto comprise a modulation and coding scheme (MCS) parameter to designatea modulation format and a coding rate, the MCS parameter to designatethe modulation format comprising one of: binary phase-shift keying(BPSK); quadrature phase-shift keying (QPSK); 16-point constellationquadrature amplitude modulation (16-QAM); 64-point constellationquadrature amplitude modulation (64-QAM); and 256-point constellationquadrature amplitude modulation (256-QAM).
 45. The non-transitorymachine-accessible product of claim 44, the MCS parameter designating aBPSK modulation format and a coding rate of ½.
 46. The non-transitorymachine-accessible product of claim 44, the MCS parameter designating a256-QAM modulation format and a coding rate of ¾.
 47. The non-transitorymachine-accessible product of claim 42, the signal field to comprise anaggregation parameter to designate whether or not to use medium accesscontrol protocol data unit (MPDU) aggregation.
 48. The non-transitorymachine-accessible product of claim 47, the aggregation parameter tocomprise one bit.
 49. The non-transitory machine-accessible product ofclaim 42, the signal field to comprise a length parameter to describe alength of a transmit vector in octets.
 50. The non-transitorymachine-accessible product of claim 42, the signal field to comprise acyclic redundancy check (CRC) parameter to designate a CRC for thesignal field.
 51. The non-transitory machine-accessible product of claim42, the signal field to comprise a tail parameter to designate an end ofthe signal field.
 52. The non-transitory machine-accessible product ofclaim 51, the tail parameter to comprise six bits.